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Internal medicine is a medical specialty that encompasses the diagnosis and treatment of complex illnesses that affect adults and applies preventive principles to maintain health and wellness.
Pediatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the health and medical care of infants, children, and adolescents from birth up to the age of 18. The word “paediatrics” means “healer of children”; they are derived from two Greek words: (pais = child) and (iatros = doctor or healer). Paediatrics is a relatively new medical specialty, developing only in the mid-19th century. Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) is known as the father of paediatrics.
Obstetrics and gynecology, medical/surgical specialty concerned with the care of women from pregnancy until after delivery and with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the female reproductive tract. The medical care of pregnant women (obstetrics) and of female genital diseases (gynecology) developed along different historical paths. Obstetrics had for a long time been the province of female midwives (see midwifery), but in the 17th century, European physicians began to attend on normal deliveries of royal and aristocratic families; from that beginning, the practice grew and spread to the middle classes. The invention of the forceps used in delivery, the introduction of anesthesia, and Ignaz Semmelweis’s discovery of the cause of puerperal (“childbed”) fever and his introduction of antiseptic methods in the delivery room were all major advances in obstetrical practice. Asepsis in turn made cesarean section, in which the infant is delivered through an incision in the mother’s uterus and abdominal wall, a feasible surgical alternative to natural childbirth. By the early 19th century, obstetrics had become established as a recognized medical discipline in Europe and the United States.
Radiology represents a branch of medicine that deals with radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This field can be divided into two broad areas – diagnostic radiology and interventional radiology. A physician who specializes in radiology is called radiologist. The outcome of an imaging study does not rely merely on the indication or the quality of its technical execution. Diagnostic radiology specialist represents the last link in the diagnostic chain, as they search for relevant image information to evaluate and finally support a sound diagnosis.
Clinical laboratories are healthcare facilities providing a wide range of laboratory procedures which aid the physicians in carrying out the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients. These laboratories are manned by medical technologists (clinical laboratory scientists) who are trained to perform various tests to samples of biological specimens collected from its patients. Most of the clinical laboratories are situated within or near hospital facilities to provide access to both physicians and their patients.Classifications of clinical laboratories indicated below reveal that these facilities can provide quality laboratory tests that are significant for addressing medical and public health needs. The list below should not be used as a fixed guide for classifying clinical laboratories because of new areas continually arising in the field of laboratory medicine.
Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period. Each stage should be a positive experience, ensuring women and their babies reach their full potential for health and well-being. Although important progress has been made in the last two decades, about 287 000 women died during and following pregnancy and childbirth in 2020. This number is unacceptably high. The most common direct causes of maternal injury and death are excessive blood loss, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion, and obstructed labour, as well as indirect causes such as anemia, malaria, and heart disease. Most maternal deaths are preventable with timely management by a skilled health professional working in a supportive environment. Ending preventable maternal death must remain at the top of the global agenda. At the same time, simply surviving pregnancy and childbirth can never be the marker of successful maternal health care. It is critical to expand efforts reducing maternal injury and disability to promote health and well-being. Every pregnancy and birth is unique. Addressing inequalities that affect health outcomes, especially sexual and reproductive health and rights and gender, is fundamental to ensuring all women have access to respectful and high-quality maternity care.
Your bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles make up your musculoskeletal system. It is common to have pain in these parts of your body because they play such an important part in everyday movement. Orthopedics is the medical field devoted to treating these areas. An orthopedic surgeon or orthopedic doctor (also called an orthopedist) is a doctor who specializes in this field. They can perform surgery, but they're also qualified to diagnose and treat issues using other techniques. Orthopedics is a vast field, so most orthopedic doctors specialize in a particular type of orthopedics. For example, some of the most common specialties within orthopedics are hand, foot, and sports injuries. Orthopedists are specialists. Typically, you see an orthopedist after your primary care doctor refers you. Your primary care doctor can let you know what type of orthopedist you need to see for your issue.
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